Zoo 510 assignment 1 solution Spring 23 by vustart

Due Date: 15 May, 2023

Solution:

Vitamins:

Fish need vitamins for health just like any animal. An improper or incomplete diet can

result in nutrient and vitamin deficiencies and the onset of serious conditions such as

Stunted or improper growth, a weakened immune system, or death. Vitamin

supplements, along with a varied diet, are an ideal way to fill in nutritional

gaps.Hypervitaminosis, rare but causes enlargement of liver & spleen, abnormal

growth, bone formation etc.

Types of Vitamins:

1.Water Soluble Vitamins:

1.Thiamin B1

Thiamin (vitamin B1) helps the body's cells change carbohydrates into energy. The

main role of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain and

nervous system. Thiamin also plays a role in muscle contraction and conduction of

nerve signals.

2.Riboflavin B2

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) works with the other B vitamins. It is important for body

growth. It helps in red blood cell production. It also aids in the release of energy from

proteins.

3.Pyridoxine B6

Vitamin B6 is needed for the proper function of sugars, fats, and proteins in the body.

It's also necessary for the development of the brain, nerves, skin, and many other

parts of the body.

4.Pantothenic Acid B5

Pantothenic acid (also known as vitamin B5) is an essential nutrient that is naturally

present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. The

main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)

and acyl carrier protein.

5.Niacin

There are two chemical forms of niacin: nicotinic acid and niacinamide (nicotinamide).

Both are found in food, as well as in B3 supplements. Much like the other B vitamins,

niacin helps to turn the foods into energy. It also aids in DNA repair and functions as

an antioxidant.

6.Biotin

Biotin is a B vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbs, fats, and

protein.

7.Choline

Choline is involved in many different processes, such as cell structure and messaging,

fat transport and metabolism, DNA synthesis and nervous system maintenance.

8.Folic Acid

Folate (vitamin B-9) is important in red blood cell formation and for healthy cell

growth and function.

9.Cyanocobalmin B12

Vitamin B12 is required for the development, myelination, and function of the central

nervous system; healthy red blood cell formation; and DNA synthesis. Vitamin B12

functions as a cofactor for two enzymes, methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl[1]CoA mutase.

10.Ascorbic Acid

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a nutrient needs to form blood vessels, cartilage, muscle

and collagen in bones. Vitamin C is also vital role in healing process.

Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect cells against the effects of free radicals.

11.Inositol

Inositol plays a structural role in fishes a major component of cell membranes.

2.Fat Soluble Vitamins

1.Retinol Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. Vitamin A is

important for normal vision, the immune system, reproduction, and growth and

development.

2.Cholecalciferol Vitamin D

Vitamin D helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. These

nutrients are needed to keep bones, and muscles healthy.

3.Tocopherol Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient found in many foods. In the body, it acts as an

antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Free

radicals are compounds formed when body convert the food into energy.

4. Vitamin K

Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the

building of bones. Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved

with blood clotting. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce

healthy bone tissue.

Sources and functions of Some major Vitamins for Fishes:

Vitamin A - from greens and crustaceans. Essential for normal growth and

development as well as for proper formation of bones and scales.

Vitamin B - Complex - from greens, eggs, and fish. Offers a variety of health

benefits including proper growth, function of the nervous system, digestion of

protein, and protection of the slime coat.

Vitamin C - from greens, algae, and fish eggs. Plays an essential role in disease

prevention, healing, digestion, as well as proper formation of the skeleton

Vitamin D - from snails, shrimps, and earthworms. Necessary for calcium and

phosphorus metabolization, which aids in normal development of bones and scales

Vitamin K - from water fleas, greens, and liver. Aids in blood coagulation.

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